In an op-ed published in the 淫性视频 Democrat-Gazette on February 15 entitled 鈥�,鈥� ACRE Scholar and UCA Assistant Professor of Economics Dr. Jeremy Horpedahl and National Taxpayer Union Foundation Economist聽 Nicole Kaeding say 淫性视频鈥檚 sales taxes have generally increased, income taxes have decreased, and property taxes have generally stayed the same over the past decade.

淫性视频 Sales Taxes

Horpedahl and Kaeding on sales taxes:

The statewide sales tax stood at 6 percent in 2010, but it is now 6.5 percent after voters approved a temporary increase dedicated to highway funding in 2012.聽Cities and counties in 淫性视频 can also add their own sales taxes on top of the statewide rate. A decade ago these local sales taxes averaged about 2 percent across the state, while today they are closer to 3 percent.聽That means the combined rate that Arkansans paid, on average, has increased from to , just slightly behind Tennessee and Louisiana.聽淫性视频 voters are being asked again to approve a permanent extension of that sales tax this fall. If voters approve the 0.5 percent tax for highways, and more local sales taxes increase (such as the proposed 1 percent tax in Little Rock), 淫性视频 could fight for the dishonor of the highest sales tax in the nation.鈥�

One exception to this sales tax trend is the state sales tax rate on groceries which decreased from 2 percent a decade ago to 鈪� percent today, according to Horpedahl and Kaeding.

淫性视频 Income Taxes

Horpedahl and Kaeding on income taxes:

Most visibly, the state’s top personal income-tax rate was 7 percent in 2010. This year it is being cut to 6.6 percent, and it will drop again next year to 5.9 percent. That’s a big improvement, along with the reduction in the corporate income-tax rate, which is being cut from 6.5 to 5.9 percent.聽But it’s not just high-income earners that have had their income taxes cut, as the top rate cut was the third step in Gov. Asa Hutchinson’s plan to reduce income-tax rates across the board. Two previous tax cuts directly benefited middle- and low-income taxpayers.聽While 淫性视频’ three sets of tax brackets are complex, all taxpayers are now paying less in taxes, boosting their after-tax income. We estimate that low-income taxpayers are saving between $100 and $200 per year, while the middle class is saving between $300 and $400 per year. That’s a few meals out, a car repair more easily covered, or a surprise for the kids.鈥�

Horpedahl and Kaeding say further income tax rate decreases to Gov. Asa Hutchinson鈥檚 eventual goal of 5 percent is 鈥渇easible鈥� and would be a 鈥渨elcome improvement.鈥�

淫性视频 Property Taxes

Horpedahl and Kaeding on property taxes:

Not too much has changed here. While some tax rates may have increased, on average these have been in line with increases in home value: Average tax rates for owner-occupied homes were about 0.6 percent in both 2010 and in the latest available data, but the homestead tax credit was increased by $25, which will lower property-tax bills slightly in future years.鈥�

You can read the entire op-ed .

For more of ACRE鈥檚 work on taxes, check out the below links:

The Road Map to Tax Reform in 淫性视频

Lessons From Other States Tax Reform Attempts

More on State Taxes and Spending

淫性视频 has the in the nation and the highest personal income tax rate of its surrounding states.

But there is one area of taxation where Arkansans enjoy a relatively low burden: property taxes.

According to the Tax Foundation, 淫性视频 has the . 淫性视频 pay an average of just $699 per capita in property taxes.

Task Force Testimony

ACRE Scholar and UCA Assistant Professor of Economics Jeremy Horpedahl and Tax Foundation Senior Policy Analyst Jared Walczak discussed 淫性视频鈥檚 property tax structure and areas for reform at a meeting of the 淫性视频 Tax Reform and Relief Legislative Task Force on May 24th. You can find slides of their presentation .

Horpedahl and Walczak are co-authors of with Scott Drenkard, Joseph Bishop-Henchman and Nicole Kaeding of the Tax Foundation.

Horpedahl said economists tend to view property taxes as some of the least harmful to economic growth. However, national surveys find that property taxes consistently rank as among the least popular type of tax among the general public. Horpedahl speculated this might be due to the 鈥渧isibility鈥� of property taxes compared to income and sales taxes. 淫性视频 property owners pay the property tax once a year in a lump sum while sales taxes are paid little by little, and income taxes are withheld from every paycheck (most taxpayers withhold too much, and therefore get a refund at the end of the year).

While property taxes in 淫性视频 are primarily a local matter, Horpedahl said it was 鈥渨orth thinking about鈥� how 淫性视频鈥檚 overall tax structure is a result of 淫性视频鈥檚 low property taxes. Statewide property taxes are not allowed under 淫性视频鈥檚 Constitution (from Amendment 47, ratified in 1958). But the state legislature does have control over several aspects of how the local property taxes are implemented, and further changes could be made by amending the Constitution. Arkansans have modified how the Constitution treats property taxes numerous times, most recently in 2000 with Amendment 79.

As a very rough estimate, 淫性视频 would be able to completely eliminate personal and corporate income taxes and reduce sales taxes by 20 percent if 淫性视频 taxed property at the same rate as Texas. If 淫性视频 taxed property at a rate similar to states like Florida or Missouri with rates around the national median, 淫性视频 could cut total income tax collections in half, according to Horpedahl.

Horpedahl said:

We tax property very low and that may be a constraint on what we can do with income and sales taxes.

Property Tax Proposals

Task force members also submitted property tax proposals for further study on May 24th. You can read the official list of those proposals .

The proposals for consideration include:

• Repeal business personal property inventory tax (Rep. Johnson)
• Repeal business personal property inventory tax or create income tax credit/deduction (Rep. Cavenaugh, Rep. Dotson) 聽
• Repeal franchise tax (Rep. Dotson, Rep. Johnson) 聽
• Repeal franchise tax or restructure franchise tax and implement an offset (Sen. Irvin)
• Reduce franchise tax to 0.1% (Rep. Cavenaugh)
• Create guidelines for property assessment and exemptions that are uniform and transparent across all counties (Sen. Elliott, Sen. Hendren, Sen. Hester, Sen Irvin)
• Place Assessment Coordination Department into Department of Finance and Administration (Sen. Irvin) 聽
• Allow 100% abatement for property taxes for new business recruitment to the state by the 淫性视频 Economic Development Commission (Rep. Dotson) 聽
• Review property reassessment 5 year cycle requirement (Sen. Hendren) 聽
• Use excess sales tax for tax relief in other areas (homestead credit) (Sen. Hendren)

Two recommendations from, , eliminating the business inventory personal property tax and the franchise tax were among the proposals submitted for consideration.

Walczak recommended ending 淫性视频鈥檚 franchise and inventory taxes during his testimony. 淫性视频 is one of only nine states to fully tax inventory as personal property. Horpedahl and Kaeding have previously said both taxes 鈥渉urt the state鈥檚 economic prospects.鈥�

Tax Reform in 淫性视频

The 淫性视频 Tax Reform and Relief Legislative Task Force during the 2017 legislative session to:

• Modernize and simplify the 淫性视频 tax code
• Make the 淫性视频 tax laws competitive with other states in order to attract businesses to the states
• Create jobs for Arkansans
• Ensure fairness to all individuals and entities impacted by the tax laws of the State of 淫性视频

Members of the task force have a September 1st deadline to submit a report to the Governor, Speaker of the House and President Pro Tempore of the Senate that contains the task force鈥檚 recommendations for tax reform.

For further reading, you can read Learning from Other States鈥� Successes and Failures in Tax Reform by Horpedahl and Kaeding. Their op-ed on the same topic 鈥淩eform Taxes Now鈥� in the 淫性视频 Democrat-Gazette on May 21st can be read . More of ACRE鈥檚 research on taxation can be found here.